Junior Cycle Business Studies Notes

Free Junior Cycle Business Studies revision notes for Common Level. Browse 37 topics and read online without an account.

37 topicsCommon LevelUpdated 25 Oct 2026

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Start with needs and wants, income and expenditure and the financial lifecycle.

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Personal finance

11 topics

1. 1 Needs & WantsThis topic explores the difference between essential needs and non-essential wants, the personal resources used to achieve them, and the wider consequences…3 min read 1. 2 Income & ExpenditureIncome is the money a person receives, while expenditure is the money spent on day-to-day needs and wants.4 min read 1. 3 Financial LifecycleThe personal financial lifecycle tracks how a person's financial needs, wants, and sources of money change over time.3 min read 1. 4 Personal TaxesPersonal taxes are compulsory charges paid by individuals to the Revenue Commissioners to fund public services and infrastructure.3 min read 1. 5 Saving & BorrowingSaving means setting aside income for future needs, while borrowing means receiving money now that must be repaid with interest.4 min read 1. 6 InsuranceInsurance provides financial protection against unexpected personal and property losses by pooling risk across many policyholders.4 min read 1. 7 Consumer Rights & ResponsibilitiesA consumer buys goods or services for personal use rather than for resale.3 min read 1. 8 Consumer AgenciesThis topic covers how State agencies, ombudsmen, and financial institutions support consumers in Ireland.3 min read 1.10 GlobalisationGlobalisation describes how countries, businesses, and people connect through the exchange of goods, services, ideas, and technology.3 min read 1.11 Understanding PayUnderstanding pay covers how workers earn income, how employment taxes are calculated in Ireland, and how to read a wage slip.3 min read 1.12 BudgetsA budget is a written plan that tracks expected income and planned spending over a future period.3 min read

Enterprise

13 topics

2. 1 Types of EnterpriseEnterprise turns creative ideas and opportunities into targeted actions that create value.3 min read 2. 2 The EntrepreneurAn entrepreneur spots a gap in the market and takes personal and financial risks to set up a business.3 min read 2. 3 Employment, Work and VolunteerismThis topic covers how people contribute their time and effort through employment, unpaid work, and volunteerism.3 min read 2. 4 Rights & Responsibilities of Employers & EmployeesIn every workplace both the employer and the employee have rights (things they are entitled to) and responsibilities (things they must do).3 min read 2. 5 How Organisations Impact the CommunityThis topic looks at how an organisation affects the community around it in three ways: economic, social and environmental.3 min read 2. 6 Digital TechnologyDigital technology means the computers, phones, apps and networks a business uses to store information and do its daily work.3 min read 2. 7 Market ResearchMarket research is the process of collecting and examining information about customer wants and market trends before making commercial choices.3 min read 2. 8 The Marketing MixThe marketing mix is the combination of Product, Price, Place, and Promotion that an enterprise uses to reach buyers and generate sales.3 min read 2. 9 Business PlanA business plan is a written roadmap that outlines what a business wants to achieve and exactly how it will get there.3 min read 2.10 Business DocumentsBusiness documents are the written and digital records that track every stage of a transaction between buyers and sellers for accountability and tax purposes.3 min read 2.11 Cash FlowCash flow is the movement of money into and out of an organisation over a period of time, planned using a cash budget.3 min read 2.12 Cash Accounts & Trial BalanceThis topic covers how a business records incoming and outgoing money in an analysed cash account, posts totals into general ledger accounts, and extracts a…5 min read 2.13 Final AccountsFinal accounts are financial statements prepared at the end of a trading year to show whether a business made a profit and to evaluate its overall financial…3 min read

Our economy

11 topics

3. 1 Economic ResourcesWe cannot buy or make everything we desire because economic resources are limited while human wants are endless.3 min read 3. 2 Distribution of Economic ResourcesIn a mixed economy like Ireland, economic resources are scarce, so individuals, organisations and the government work together to distribute the resources…3 min read 3. 3 Demand & SupplyDemand and supply work together in every market to set the prices we pay for everyday goods and services.3 min read 3. 4 Government Revenue and ExpenditureThis topic is about where the Irish government gets its money and what it spends that money on.3 min read 3. 5 TaxationTaxation is a compulsory payment made by individuals and businesses to the Irish government through the Revenue Commissioners.3 min read 3. 6 Economic Growth & Sustainable DevelopmentEconomic growth measures how much the total output of goods and services in an economy increases over time.4 min read 3. 7 International TradeInternational trade is the exchange of goods and services across borders, which connects Ireland to the global economy.3 min read 3. 8 European UnionThe European Union (EU) is an economic and political partnership of 27 European countries.3 min read 3. 9 Economic IndicatorsEconomic indicators are official statistics that measure the health, performance, and direction of a country's economy.3 min read 3.10 Current Economic IssuesThis topic covers how to explore current economic issues in the news and evaluate their impact on society.3 min read 3.11 Government Economic PolicyGovernment economic policy sets out the actions and plans a government uses to manage the country's economy, public services, and living standards.3 min read

Classroom assessments

2 topics

CBA 1Classroom-Based Assessment 1: Business in Action is a four-week collaborative project completed in class during second year.3 min read CBA 2Classroom-Based Assessment 2 (CBA 2) is an individual oral presentation on a business-related topic completed during term one of third year.4 min read

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