Expressing and defending a justified opinion on Ireland, travel, tourism, and culture is a core requirement across Leaving Certificate French Higher Level. This topic appears across every paper component: Written Production (Section II opinion pieces, letters, and emails), Reading Comprehension (the final critical-opinion Question 6 answered in English or Irish), Listening Comprehension (travel announcements, statistics, and interviews), and the Oral examination. Succeeding at Higher Level requires mastering clear argumentative structures, comparing Irish and French daily life, evaluating bilateral links such as direct post-Brexit ferry routes and EU co-membership, and using accurate grammar including the subjunctive mood, hypothetical si sentences (si + imperfect, conditional in the main clause), and geographical prepositions.
How Written Production (Section II) Works
Section II of the written paper accounts for 100 marks (the full 25% allocated to writing) and offers considerable choice, but you must understand its exact structure to manage your time and score well.
Paper Layout and Mark Allocation
- Question 1 is compulsory and carries 40 marks (20 for Communication, 20 for Language). You choose either option (a) or option (b). The guideline length is usually environ 90 mots.
- You must then answer two of Questions 2, 3, and 4. Each is worth 30 marks (15 for Communication, 15 for Language), with a guideline length of environ 75 mots. Each question offers a choice between (a) and (b).
- Option (a) in Questions 2 to 4 is normally an opinion piece; option (b) is usually an alternative format such as an informal email, a letter, or a diary entry (le journal intime).
Timing and Word Count
Spend roughly 20 minutes on Question 1 and 15 minutes on each of the two shorter tasks. That leaves 3 to 4 minutes at the end of the exam to review verb endings, accents, and adjective agreements.
Keep close to the stated word count: write roughly 90 to 110 words for a 90-word prompt, and 75 to 90 words for a 75-word prompt. Examiners look for two well-developed points rather than sheer volume. A focused, grammatically accurate 80-word answer scores higher than a sprawling 130-word response packed with avoidable mistakes.
How the Opinion Piece is Marked and Structured
Every opinion piece is assessed under two distinct criteria: Communication (clarity of argument, addressing all keywords, and exploiting the stimulus) and Language (grammatical accuracy, rich vocabulary, and varied sentence structure). Off-topic material directly hurts the Communication mark, and a high Language mark cannot rescue a piece that ignores the question.
Structure your piece with a three-part framework:
- Introduction (2 sentences): Acknowledge the debate and state your position (À mon avis..., Personnellement, je suis convaincu(e) que...).
- Body (1 to 2 paragraphs): Present your first argument with a concrete Irish or French example, then present a second point or concession using a connector like en effet, cependant, or bien que.
- Conclusion (1 to 2 sentences): Sum up your stance using a decisive closing expression such as tout bien considéré.
Framework Language: Signposting, Justifying, and Nuance
Examiners reward deliberate transitions between ideas. Rather than trying to memorise dozens of connectors, master a core default set that you can deploy with total accuracy: tout d'abord, en effet, cependant, and tout bien considéré.
Expressing Opinions and Conviction
- À mon avis / Selon moi : In my opinion
- D'après moi : In my view / The way I see it
- Je suis convaincu(e) / persuadé(e) que... (+ indicative) : I am convinced that...
- Il me semble que... (+ indicative) : It seems to me that...
- En ce qui me concerne... : As far as I am concerned...
- Il est indéniable que... : It is undeniable that...
Structuring Arguments
- Tout d'abord / En premier lieu : First of all / In the first place
- De plus / En outre : Furthermore / Moreover
- D'une part... d'autre part... : On the one hand... on the other hand...
- Enfin : Finally
Explaining Cause, Reason, and Consequence
- En effet : Indeed / In fact (connects an assertion directly to its justification)
- Grâce à (+ noun) : Thanks to (positive cause, e.g. grâce à l'accueil chaleureux)
- À cause de (+ noun) : Because of (negative cause, e.g. à cause du manque de transports)
- C'est la raison pour laquelle / Par conséquent : That is why / Consequently
- Ce qui entraîne / Ce qui provoque : Which leads to / causes
Making Concessions and Contrasting
- Cependant / Néanmoins / Pourtant : However / Nevertheless / Yet
- En revanche / Par contre : On the other hand
- Il est vrai que... mais... : It is true that... but...
- Bien que (+ subjonctif) : Although (e.g. bien que ce soit difficile)
Defending Opinions on Franco-Irish Links
To earn high marks on bilateral cultural questions, do not simply list facts; defend an evaluative viewpoint:
- À mon avis, il serait souhaitable de renforcer nos liens avec la France, surtout depuis le Brexit. (In my view, it would be desirable to strengthen our links with France, especially since Brexit.)
- Grâce aux échanges scolaires et au jumelage, les jeunes Irlandais deviennent plus ouverts d'esprit. (Thanks to school exchanges and town twinning, young Irish people become more open-minded.)
- Les liaisons maritimes directes entre Rosslare et Cherbourg sont devenues essentielles pour nos exportations. (Direct sea links between Rosslare and Cherbourg have become essential for our exports.)
- Cependant, certains estiment que ces liens profitent surtout aux grandes entreprises ; je ne suis pas de cet avis. (However, some feel these links mainly benefit big business; I don't share that view.)
Informal Emails, Letters, and Diary Entries
Option (b) in Questions 2 to 4 frequently tests practical written formats. Following proper layout and social conventions is vital for securing full Communication marks.
Informal Email or Letter to a Friend
- Opening: Salut Nadine, / Cher Paul, / Chère Marie,
- Opening pleasantry: Merci de ton message, ça m'a fait très plaisir d'avoir de tes nouvelles. (Thanks for your message, it was great to hear from you.)
- Sign-off: Écris-moi vite ! / Amitiés, / Je t'embrasse, / À bientôt, followed by your first name.
- Top right (letter only): place and date, e.g. Dublin, le 12 juin 2027.
- The golden rule: informal writing prompts almost always contain four distinct questions or bullet tasks. Tick each one off as you draft. If you answer only three, your Communication mark drops sharply regardless of grammatical accuracy. Use informal tu throughout.
Formal Letter (Bookings or Complaints)
- Opening: Madame, Monsieur,
- Purpose of writing: Je vous écris afin de réserver une chambre pour deux personnes du 3 au 10 juillet. (I am writing to book a room for two people from 3 to 10 July.) / Je tiens à me plaindre du service que nous avons reçu lors de notre séjour. (I wish to complain about the service we received during our stay.)
- Formal closing: Je vous prie d'agréer, Madame, Monsieur, l'expression de mes sentiments distingués.
- Use formal vous throughout.
Diary Entry (Le Journal Intime)
- Header: Date and Cher journal,
- Setting the scene: Quelle journée épuisante ! (What an exhausting day!) / Je n'en reviens toujours pas. (I still can't believe it.)
- Content: Write in the first person (je). Use the passé composé for events and actions (j'ai visité, nous sommes arrivés), and the imperfect for descriptions, settings, and emotions (il faisait beau, j'étais ravi(e)).
- Signing off: Je suis crevé(e), je vais me coucher. À demain, cher journal.
Thematic and Listening Vocabulary: Travel, Tourism, and Daily Life
Precise vocabulary separates top marks from mediocre ones: writing l'accueil chaleureux des habitants scores where les gens sont sympas does not. This vocabulary is equally vital for recognising keywords in the listening comprehension.
Tourism and Heritage
- le patrimoine : heritage (cultural or historical assets)
- les retombées économiques (f. pl.) : economic spin-offs, revenue, or benefits
- le surtourisme / la surfréquentation : overtourism / overcrowding
- un accueil chaleureux : a warm welcome
- les paysages à couper le souffle : breathtaking landscapes
- la beauté sauvage du littoral : wild coastal beauty
- un moteur économique indispensable : an indispensable economic engine
- la crise du logement : the housing crisis (often aggravated by holiday lets)
- le tourisme durable / vert : sustainable / eco-friendly tourism
- nuire à l'environnement : to harm the environment
Functional Travel Phrases and Public Transport
- Pourriez-vous m'indiquer le chemin pour aller à la gare, s'il vous plaît ? : Could you tell me the way to the station, please?
- Prenez la deuxième rue à droite, puis traversez la place. : Take the second street on the right, then cross the square.
- Je voudrais réserver deux places dans le train de quatorze heures trente. : I would like to reserve two seats on the 14:30 train.
- Je préférerais une place côté fenêtre, dans un compartiment non-fumeurs. : I would prefer a window seat in a non-smoking compartment.
- Est-ce qu'il y a un tarif étudiant ? : Is there a student rate?
- Il vaut mieux prendre le train, car il serait moins cher de voyager en groupe. : It is better to take the train, as it would be cheaper to travel as a group.
- Le train est plus rapide et plus écologique que la voiture. : The train is faster and more eco-friendly than the car.
- L'avion est le moyen de transport le moins respectueux de l'environnement. : The aeroplane is the least environmentally friendly mode of transport.
Listening Comprehension Terms to Recognise at Speed
In the aural exam (80 marks, answered in English or Irish), announcements and news reports frequently turn on specific travel terms and figures:
- une annonce : an announcement; le quai / la voie : platform / track
- un retard / le train a du retard : a delay / the train is delayed
- une grève : a strike; un vol annulé : a cancelled flight
- l'embarquement : boarding; la douane : customs; les bagages à main : hand luggage
- un séjour linguistique : a language stay; une auberge de jeunesse : a youth hostel
- une randonnée : a hike; la location de vélos : bicycle hire
- le nombre de touristes a augmenté / a diminué de 13 % : the number of tourists rose / fell by 13%
- une hausse / une baisse : a rise / a fall; la haute saison / la basse saison : peak / low season
Aural tips: write numbers as digits immediately on hearing them; French times use the 24-hour clock (dix-sept heures quarante = 17:40); listen carefully for qualifiers like au lieu de (instead of) and sauf (except).
Cultural Comparison: Ireland and France
The syllabus requires students to compare daily life in Ireland with that of the target-language community and to critique stereotypes.
Daily Life and Social Customs
- Dining patterns: In France, meals are structured social rituals, whereas Irish routines are often quicker and more informal. En France, le déjeuner reste un moment sacré en famille ou entre collègues, alors qu'en Irlande, on mange souvent sur le pouce.
- Everyday greetings: French acquaintances exchange la bise and always greet shopkeepers upon entering. In Ireland, a casual handshake or wave is standard. En France, on se fait la bise entre amis, tandis qu'en Irlande, on se serre la main ou on se fait simplement un signe.
- Stereotypes: Examiners expect you to look past clichés. Il faut se méfier des stéréotypes : les Français ne mangent pas tous de la cuisine gastronomique au quotidien, et les Irlandais ne sont pas tous des buveurs invétérés.
Bilateral Links
- EU co-membership: Following Brexit, France is Ireland's closest EU neighbour. Depuis le Brexit, la France est le voisin le plus proche de l'Irlande au sein de l'Union européenne, ce qui renforce notre coopération politique.
- Maritime freight and passenger routes: Direct ferries connect Cork and Rosslare to Roscoff and Cherbourg, bypassing the UK landbridge. Les lignes directes de ferry évitent les formalités douanières et facilitent les échanges commerciaux.
- Culture and sport: The annual Six Nations championship (le Tournoi des Six Nations) provides friendly rivalry. Deep literary ties connect Dublin and Paris: Samuel Beckett wrote En attendant Godot in French, and James Joyce's Ulysses was published in Paris in 1922. Nos deux nations partagent une passion pour le rugby et un riche patrimoine littéraire.
The Grammar that Earns Language Marks
Higher Level scripts achieve top Language marks by showcasing controlled, complex structures.
1. Prepositions with Geographical Places
- Feminine countries (ending in -e, e.g. la France, l'Irlande): use en (en France, en Irlande).
- Masculine countries starting with a vowel: use en (en Iran, en Irak, en Israël).
- Masculine countries starting with a consonant: use au (au Portugal, au Canada, au Japon).
- Plural countries: use aux (aux États-Unis, aux Pays-Bas).
- Cities: use à (à Dublin, à Paris). Exception: au Québec refers to the province, whereas à Québec refers to Quebec City.
- Transport modes: use en train, en voiture, en avion, en bus, but à vélo (by bike) and à pied (on foot).
2. Indicative versus Subjunctive after Opinion Verbs
- Affirmative belief expresses certainty and governs the indicative mood:
- Je pense que le tourisme est vital pour l'économie.
- Je trouve que l'Irlande offre de magnifiques paysages.
- Negative opinion or doubt introduces uncertainty and governs the subjunctive mood:
- Je ne pense pas que ce soit la meilleure solution.
- Je doute qu'on puisse régler le problème sans aide financière.
- Essential triggers to know:
- Il faut que / Il est essentiel que + subjunctive (Il faut que l'État soutienne nos régions).
- Bien que + subjonctif (Bien que le logement soit cher en Irlande, les touristes affluent).
- Key irregular subjunctive forms: être → que je sois, qu'il soit; avoir → qu'il ait; faire → qu'il fasse; pouvoir → qu'il puisse.
3. Hypothetical Si Sentences
To propose improvements or policy ideas, use this sequence:
- Si + Imperfect → Conditional Present
- Si le gouvernement modernisait les voies ferrées, les gens utiliseraient moins leur voiture. (If the government modernised the railways, people would use their cars less.)
- Strict rule: Never put the conditional immediately after si. Saying Si le gouvernement moderniserait is a severe structural error.
4. Comparative Adjective versus Adverb: Meilleur and Mieux
- Meilleur is an adjective qualifying a noun; it agrees in gender and number: Le train propose un meilleur service que le car. (The train offers a better service than the coach.)
- Mieux is an invariable adverb qualifying a verb: Le réseau ferroviaire français fonctionne mieux. (The French railway network runs better.) Never write plus bon.
Reading Question 6 and the Oral Examination
Here is how the 400 total Leaving Certificate French marks are mapped:
- Oral: 25% (100 marks, about 15 minutes)
- Reading Comprehension: 30% (120 marks, answered in French except Q6)
- Written Production: 25% (100 marks, Section II)
- Listening Comprehension: 20% (80 marks, answered in English or Irish)
Reading Comprehension: The Question 6 Opinion Task
At the end of each reading text, Question 6 asks whether you agree or disagree with a statement (worth 10 marks: 2 points × 5 marks). Answer in English or Irish in about 50 words.
Candidates lose marks here by writing what they think from general knowledge instead of what the text actually states. Each of the two points must be traceable to the text; a point based only on personal assumption earns nothing. Locate two distinct details in the passage first, then build your viewpoint around them.
The Oral Examination: Ready-Made Conversational Topics
General conversation frequently explores holidays, your home area, travel habits, and living abroad. Avoid one-word replies: always back up statements with a connective like parce que or ce qui veut dire que to give the examiner vocabulary and grammar to credit.
- Where you live and local tourism: J'habite dans un petit village du comté de Galway. C'est une région magnifique qui attire beaucoup de vacanciers en été grâce à ses paysages côtiers, mais le manque de transports publics reste un inconvénient pour les habitants.
- A past holiday: L'été dernier, je suis allé(e) en France avec mes amis. Nous avons logé dans une auberge de jeunesse à Nice et nous avons voyagé en train le long de la Côte d'Azur.
- Travel preferences: Je préfère voyager en train plutôt qu'en avion, parce que c'est plus reposant et bien plus respectueux de l'environnement.
- Living or studying in France: À l'avenir, j'aimerais faire une partie de mes études universitaires en France dans le cadre du programme Erasmus, afin de perfectionner mon français et de découvrir une autre façon de vivre.
Note: You have the option to present a document or project in the oral exam. Preparing a photo or article on an Irish cultural site or a trip to France gives you a reliable way to lead the conversation onto prepared material.
Key terms
- Communication
- The assessment criterion evaluating how directly a candidate fulfills the prompt, develops arguments, and uses correct layout.
- Language
- The assessment criterion evaluating grammatical accuracy, vocabulary range, and variety of sentence structures.
- le patrimoine
- Heritage; the architectural, cultural, historical, or natural assets belonging to a community or nation.
- les retombées économiques (f. pl.)
- The economic spin-offs, revenue, or financial benefits generated by an industry such as tourism.
- le surtourisme
- Overtourism; severe overcrowding of destinations putting unsustainable pressure on local infrastructure and nature.
- bien que (+ subjonctif)
- A concessive conjunction meaning 'although', which strictly requires the following verb to be in the subjunctive mood.
- si + imparfait → conditionnel
- The standard hypothetical sentence pattern used to propose improvements or imagine alternative outcomes.
- meilleur / mieux
- 'Meilleur' is an adjective meaning 'better' modifying a noun; 'mieux' is an adverb meaning 'better' modifying a verb.
- en / au / aux / à
- Geographical prepositions indicating location: 'en' for feminine and vowel-initial masculine countries; 'au' for consonant masculine countries; 'aux' for plural countries; 'à' for cities.
- rendre visite à
- The correct verb structure meaning 'to visit a person' (as opposed to 'visiter', which only applies to places or monuments).
- le jumelage
- Town twinning; official bilateral partnerships linking towns in different countries to foster cultural and linguistic exchanges.
- une correspondance
- A transport connection (e.g. changing trains, buses, or flights during a journey).
Check yourself
Which French prepositions correctly complete this sentence: « Cet été, je vais voyager _ Irlande, puis je prendrai le ferry pour aller _ France et enfin ___ Portugal »?
« en » Irlande (feminine country), « en » France (feminine country), and « au » Portugal (masculine country starting with a consonant).
If an informal email prompt asks four questions and you only answer three, what happens to your marks?
Your Communication mark drops sharply, regardless of how accurate your French is, because you have failed to complete the full communicative task.
Give the correct opening and closing formulas you would use in a formal letter to a hotel in Roscoff.
Opening: « Madame, Monsieur, » | Closing: « Je vous prie d'agréer, Madame, Monsieur, l'expression de mes sentiments distingués. »
Complete the 'si' clause: « Si les billets de train ____ (être) moins chers, nous ____ (voyager) plus souvent. »
« étaient » (imperfect) and « voyagerions » (conditional present).
Choose between 'meilleur' and 'mieux': « En France, les trains fonctionnent ____ qu'en Irlande parce que l'infrastructure est ____. »
« mieux » (adverb modifying 'fonctionnent') and « meilleure » (feminine adjective modifying 'l'infrastructure').
In Reading Comprehension Question 6, how are the 10 marks earned?
Awarded as 2 points × 5 marks. Each point must state a specific fact extracted directly from the text and develop it in English or Irish to support your position.
